未折叠或错误折叠的蛋白质在内质网(endoplasmic reticulum,ER)中聚集促使细胞做出适应性反应,包括上调位于内质网的各种酶和分子伴侣,这被称为未折叠蛋白反应(unfolded protein response,UPR)。未折叠蛋白反应存在于所有的真核细胞中,是人们了解最多的细胞器间信号传导系统模型。未折叠蛋白反应信号传导的基本机制最先在酵母中被阐明,在哺乳动物中有类似机制但表现得更为复杂。目前已经知道哺乳动物中有三条途径涉及UPR信号传导,分别是IRE1-XBP1路径,ATF6路径和PERK-elF2α磷酸化-ATF4路径。UPR在细胞生理病理中发挥重要作用。很多疾病如神经退行性疾病、糖尿病与高同型半胱氨酸血症等与蛋白折叠错误及由此引起的UPR有关。这些疾病也被称为错误折叠蛋白疾病。
Objective To investigate the analgesia induced by receptin （REC）, a chemically modified cobratoxin （CTX, a long-chain postsynaptic α-neurotoxin from Thailand cobra venom）, and the effects of atropine and naloxone on antinociceptive activity of REC in rodent pain models. Methods REC was administered intraperitoneally （5 mg/kg, 7.07 mg/kg, or 10 mg/kg, i.p.） or intra-cerebral venticularly （62.5 μg/kg, i.c.v.）. The antinociceptive action was determined using the hotlate test, the acetic acid writhing test and tail flick assay in mice and rats. The involvement of cholinergic and the opioid peptidergic systems in REC-induced analgesia were examined by pretreatment of animals with atropine （Atr; 0.5 mg/kg, i.m. or 10 mg/kg, i.p.） or naloxone （Nal; 3 mg/kg, i.p.）. The effect of REC on motor activity was tested using the Animex test in mice. Results REC （5 mg/kg, 7.07 mg/kg or 10 mg/kg, i.p.） exhibited a dose-dependent analgesic action in mice as determined with hot-plate test and acetic acid writhing test. The significant analgesia of REC was seen 2 h to 3 h after its administration. In the rat-tail flick assay, the administration of REC at 62.5 μg/kg （1/160 of systemic dose; i.c.v.）produced marked analgesic effects. Atropine at 0.5 mg/kg （i.m.）, 10 mg/kg （i.p.） or naloxone at 3 mg/kg （i.p.） failed to block the analgesic effects of REC. REC at the highest effective dose of 10 mg/kg did not change the spontaneous mobility of mice. Conclusion These results demonstrate that REC has analgesic effect. This activity appears to be mediated through the peripheral nervous system though central nervous system may contribute to REC＇s analgesic effects. The central cholinergic system and opioid peptidergic system appear not to be involved in the antinociceptive action of REC.
边缘细胞(side population cel1s)是一类可以特异性地将Hoechst33342染料快速泵出细胞外的细胞,广泛分布于多种正常组织、肿瘤组织和细胞系中,被作为一种通用的干细胞表型标记。近年来对边缘细胞的研究和应用都取得了很大的进展,该文就边缘细胞的生物学特征、分子机制、分选方法和应用等方面的研究进展作如下综述。
