高寒灌丛草甸和草甸均是青藏高原广泛分布的植被类型,在生态系统碳通量和区域碳循环中具有极其重要的作用。然而迄今为止,对其碳通量动态的时空变异还缺乏比较分析,对碳通量的季节和年际变异的主导影响因子认识还不够清晰,不利于深入理解生态系统碳通量格局及其形成机制。该研究选取位于青藏高原东部海北站高寒灌丛草甸和高原腹地当雄站高寒草原化草甸年降水量相近的5年(2004–2008年)的涡度相关CO_2通量连续观测数据,对生态系统净初级生产力(NEP)及其组分,包括总初级生产力(GPP)和生态系统呼吸的季节、年际动态及其影响因子进行了对比分析。结果表明:灌丛草甸的CO_2通量无论是季节还是年际累积量均高于草原化草甸,并且连续5年表现为"碳汇",平均每年NEP为70 g C·m^(–2)·a^(–1),高寒草原化草甸平均每年NEP为–5 g C·m^(–2)·a^(–1),几乎处于碳平衡状态,但其源/汇动态极不稳定,在2006年–88 g C·m^(–2)·a^(–1)的"碳源"至2008年54 g C·m^(–2)·a^(–1)的"碳汇"之间转换,具有较大的变异性。这两种高寒生态系统源/汇动态的差异主要源于归一化植被指数(NDVI)的差异,因为NDVI无论在年际水平还是季节水平都是NEP最直接的影响因子;其次,灌丛草甸还具有较高的碳利用效率(CUE,CUE=NEP/GPP),而年降水量和NDVI是决定两生态系统CUE大小的关键因子。两地区除了CO_2通量大小的差异外,其环境影响因子也有所不同。采用结构方程模型进行的通径分析表明,灌丛草甸生长季节CO_2通量的主要限制因子是温度,NEP和GPP主要受气温控制,随着气温升高而增加;而草原化草甸的CO_2通量多以季节性干旱导致的水分限制为主,其次才是气温的影响,受二者的共同限制。此外,两生态系统生长季节生态系统呼吸主要受GPP和5 cm土壤温度的直接影响,其中GPP起主导作用,非生长季节生态系统
The objective of this study was to analyze the effects of climate change and doubled atmospheric CO2 concentrations, as well as the combined effects of climate change and doubling atmospheric CO2 concentrations on soil organic carbon （SOC） in the alpine steppe of the northern Tibetan Plateau using the CENTURY model. The results indicate that SOC loss in climate change scenarios varied from 49.77 52.36% in the top 20 cm. The simulation results obtained for a P1T0 scenario （increased precipitation and unchanged temperature）, POT1 scenario （unchanged precipitation and increased temperature）, and P1T1 scenario （increased precipitation and increased temperature） were similar. The alpine steppe in the P1T1 scenarios lost the greatest amount of SOC （844.40 g C m-2, representing the least amount of SOC） by the end of the simulation. The simulation for POT1 scenarios resulted in a 49.77% loss of SOC. However, SOC increased 12.87% under the COs doubling scenario, compared with the unchanged CO2 scenario. CO2 enhancement effects on SOC were greater than the climate change effects on SOC alone. The simulation of combined climate change and doubling atmospheric CO2 led to a decrease in SOC. This result indicated a decrease of 52.39% in SOC for the P1T1 ＋ 2 × CO2 scenario, 49.81% for the POT1 ＋ 2 ×CO2 scenario, and 52.30% for the P1T0 ＋ 2 ×CO2 scenario over the next 50 years. Therefore, SOC content in the alpine steppe will change because of changes in precipitation, temperature and atmospheric CO2 concentrations.
