马克思主义的新世界观从萌芽阶段到基本形成主要经过了《关于费尔巴哈的提纲》到《德意志意识形态》再到《哲学的贫困》三个阶段的发展。从马克思主义思想史的发展来看,马克思主义的新世界观与马克思的历史观、唯物史观与历史唯物主义在发展历程中具有相同的内涵,但同时也有一些差别。《哲学的贫困》第一次对历史唯物主义的核心观点进行了科学表述,准确地表达了生产关系、生产力和生产关系的辩证关系,科学地表达了范畴的实质,用联系和发展的辩证法分析社会的发展并科学地概括了马克思主义的阶级斗争理论。《哲学的贫困》是新世界观的第一次公开问世,是历史唯物主义诞生的标志。The new worldview of Marxism evolved from its nascent stage to its basic formation, primarily through the development of three stages: “Theses on Feuerbach,” “The German Ideology,” and “The Poverty of Philosophy.” From the perspective of the history of Marxist thought, the new worldview of Marxism shares the same connotation with Marx’s historical view, materialist conception of history, and historical materialism throughout its developmental process, but there are also some differences. “The Poverty of Philosophy” was the first to scientifically articulate the core viewpoints of historical materialism, accurately expressing the dialectical relationship between the relations of production, productive forces, and the essence of categories, using the dialectical method of connection and development to analyze social development and scientifically summarizing the theory of class struggle in Marxism. “The Poverty of Philosophy” marked the first public emergence of the new worldview and is a symbol of the birth of historical materialism.
匹兹堡学派从塞拉斯开始就强调康德哲学的种种洞见,也认同黑格尔对“直接性”的反对。布兰顿作为匹兹堡学派的一员,其对康德与黑格尔两者哲学资源的整合利用成为了他推论主义中关于知识起点和语义发展的重要组成部分。虽然布兰顿可能对康德哲学的知性理论有些误解,对黑格尔哲学的理解和传统解读也有一定差异,但这些解读是推论主义论证严密且有说服力的重要保证。可以说,康德与黑格尔哲学在推论主义中的地位和作用彰显了德国观念论在现代语言哲学与认识论中的强健性和宝贵价值。The Pittsburgh School, starting with Sellars, emphasized the insights of Kant’s philosophy and shared Hegel’s opposition to “immediacy.” As a member of the Pittsburgh School, Brandom’s integration of the philosophical resources of both Kant and Hegel became an important part of his inferentialism to the bases of knowledge and semantic development. While Brandom may have some misunderstandings of Kant’s philosophical theory of understanding and some differences between his understanding of Hegel’s philosophy and traditional interpretations, these readings are an important guarantee that inferentialism is rigorous and persuasive. Arguably, the place and role of Kantian and Hegelian philosophy in inferentialism highlights the robustness and valuable worth of German idealism in modern philosophy of language and epistemology.
第二次世界大战以来,第三次科技革命的推动下,科学技术的发展、生产力的提高推动西方资本主义社会经济发展迅猛,西方社会由工业社会迈向后工业社会,影响并改变着当时的生活方式,消费社会在资本主义社会兴起。鲍德里亚正是基于时代的转变,开启对消费社会的反思与批判之路。他在继承发展前人思想理论的基础上,以全新的视角引入符号学分析阐述了消费异化思想,深化了对资本主义社会的批判。但是,鲍德里亚消费思想也具有其自身的局限性,批判停留在消费异化的表象层面,提出的扬弃消费异化的解决方案也没能深入到资本主义社会现实,具有乌托邦色彩。Since the Second World War, driven by the Third Scientific and Technological Revolution, the development of science and technology and the improvement of productive forces have contributed to the rapid economic development of Western capitalist society, which is moving from an industrial society to a post-industrial society, affecting and changing the lifestyle at that time, and the rise of the consumer society in capitalist society. Baudrillard started his reflection and criticism of the consumer society precisely based on the change of the times. On the basis of the inheritance and development of his predecessors’ theories, he introduced semiotic analysis to elaborate the idea of consumption alienation from a new perspective and deepened his criticism of capitalist society. However, it also has its own limitations, as the critique stays at the superficial level of consumer alienation, and the solution proposed to abandon consumption alienation fails to penetrate into the reality of capitalist society, which is utopian.
