In this letter,we propose to introduce a new Abelian gauge field Bμcorresponding to the so-called β symmetry into the normal Quantum Electrodynamics in 2+1 dimensions(QED3)of γ representation.The resulting theory is shown to be equivalent to QED3 containing two flavors of two-component fermions with mass of an opposite sign.We also show that Bμfield can generate a Chern-Simons term in perturbation theory.A comparison is made between the induced Chern-Simons term in theγrepresentation and that in Pauli representation.
In this paper,we discuss the important role of the thermalization process in the initial distribution of QGP.We find that the negligible heat conduction inside QGP can be expressed as an effective Fourier law and we further analyse qualitatively the results caused by a thermalized initial condition.Based on this arguments,we construct a simple phenomenological model and work with the hydro code,and then we compare our results with the experimental data and the results of the standard initial model.It is found that,as we have argued,a thermalized initial condition suppresses the value of the elliptic flow.
In this article,we study three types of new Yukawa couplings(the boson field is coupled to the fermion field).Two of them are quadratic Yukawa couplings(the boson field is in the form of a vector),and the other one is the matrix Yukawa coupling(the boson field is in the form of a matrix).Based on the above three couplings,we introduce the Higgs mechanism,and find out the properties of the generated mass for the fermions with multiple flavors.For the matrix boson,we introduce its coupling with non-Abelian gauge field.It turns out that the generated mass of the gauge field through the Higgs mechanism is unique.In the large N limit,using the method of auxiliary field,we study the dynamical behaviors of the quadratic Yukawa couplings,including the poles of some dressed propagators.
The kink structure in the quasiparticle spectrum of electrons in graphene observed at 200 me V below the Fermi level by angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy（ARPES） was claimed to be caused by a tight-binding electron–phonon（e–ph） coupling in the previous theoretical studies. However, we numerically find that the e–ph coupling effect in this approach is too weak to account for the ARPES data. The former agreement between this approach and the ARPES data is due to an enlargement of the coupling constant by almost four times.
