The Brodmann area(BA)-based map is one of the most widely used cortical maps for studies of human brain functions and in clinical practice;however,the molecular architecture of BAs remains unknown.The present study provided a global multiregional proteomic map of the human cerebral cortex by analyzing 29 BAs.These 29 BAs were grouped into 6 clusters based on similarities in proteomic patterns:the motor and sensory cluster,vision cluster,auditory and Broca’s area cluster,Wernicke’s area cluster,cingulate cortex cluster,and heterogeneous function cluster.We identified 474 cluster-specific and 134 BA-specific signature proteins whose functions are closely associated with specialized functions and disease vulnerability of the corresponding cluster or BA.The findings of the present study could provide explanations for the functional connections between the anterior cingulate cortex and sensorimotor cortex and for anxiety-related function in the sensorimotor cortex.The brain transcriptome and proteome comparison indicates that they both could reflect the function of cerebral cortex,but show different characteristics.These proteomic data are publicly available at the Human Brain Proteome Atlas(www.brain-omics.com).Our results may enhance our understanding of the molecular basis of brain functions and provide an important resource to support human brain research.
The most fundamental property of biomarkers is change.But changes are hard to maintain in plasma since it is strictly controlled by homeostatic mechanisms of the body.There is no homeostatic mechanism for urine.Besides,urine is partly a filtration of blood,and systematic information can be reflected in urine.We hypothesize that change of blood can be reflected in urine more sensitively.Here we introduce the interference into the blood by two anticoagulants heparin or argatroban.Plasma and urine proteins were profiled by LC-MS/MS and then validated by Western blot in totally six SD female rats before and after the drug treatments.In argatroban treated group,with exactly the same experimental procedure and the same cutoff value for both plasma and urine proteins,62 proteins changed in urine,only one of which changed in plasma.In heparin treated group,27 proteins changed in urine but only three other proteins changed in plasma.Both LC-MS/MS and Western blot analyses demonstrated drug-induced increases in transferrin and hemopexin levels in urine but not in plasma.Our data indicates that urine may serve as a source for more sensitive detection of protein biomarkers than plasma.
