Leucine-rich repeat receptor-like kinases(LRR-RLKs)belong to a large group of cell surface proteins involved in many aspects of plant development and environmental responses in both monocots and dicots.Brassinosteroid insensitive 1(BRI1),a member of the LRR X subfamily,was frst identifed through several forward genetic screenings for mutants insensitive to brassinosteroids(BRs),which are a class of plant-specifc steroid hormones.Since its identifcation,BRI1 and its homologs had been proved as receptors perceiving BRs and initiating BR signaling.The co-receptor BRI1-associated kinase 1and its homologs,and other BRI1 interacting proteins such as its inhibitor BRI1 kinase inhibitor 1(BKI1)were identifed by genetic and biochemical approaches.The detailed mechanisms of BR perception by BRI1 and the activation of BRI1receptor complex have also been elucidated.Moreover,several mechanisms for termination of the activated BRI1 signaling were also discovered.In this review,we will focus on the recent advances on the mechanism of BRI1 phosphorylation and activation,the regulation of its receptor complex,the structure basis of BRI1ectodomain and BR recognition,its direct substrates,and the termination of the activated BRI1 receptor complex.
Proanthocyanidins (PAs) are the main products of the flavonoid biosynthetic pathway in seeds, but their biological function during seed germination is still unclear. We observed that seed germination is delayed with the increase of exogenous PA concentration in Arabidopsis. A similar inhibitory effect occurred in peeled Brassica napus seeds, which was observed by measuring radicle elongation. Using abscisic acid (ABA), a biosynthetic and metabolic inhibitor, and gene expression analysis by real-time polymerase chain reaction, we found that the inhibitory effect of PAs on seed germination is due to their promotion of ABA via de novo biogenesis, rather than by any inhibition of its degradation. Consistent with the relationship between PA content and ABA accumulation in seeds, PA-deficient mutants maintain a lower level of ABA compared with wild-types during germination. Our data suggest that PA distribution in the seed coat can act as a doorkeeper to seed germination. PA regulation of seed germination is mediated by the ABA signaling pathway.
Liguo JiaQiuyu WuNenghui YeRui LiuLu ShiWeifeng XuHui ZhiA. N. M. Rubaiyath Bin RahmanYiji XiaJianhua Zhang
Multiple hormones, including abscisic acid(ABA) and auxin, regulate cell division and differentiation of Arabidopsis root meristems. AUXIN RESPONSE FACTOR2(ARF2) functions as a negative regulator of ABA responses, as seed germination and primary root growth of arf2 mutants are hypersensitive to ABA. In this study, we found that ABA treatment reduced the expression levels of the PIN-FORMEDs(PIN) auxin efflux carriers, PIN1, PIN3,PIN4, and PIN7, to a greater extent in the root meristems of arf2-101 mutant than in the wild type. Also, arf2-101 pin1 and arf2-101 pin4 double mutants show less ABA-induced inhibition of root meristem activity than the arf2-101 mutants. Furthermore, ARF2 positively mediates the transcripts of transcription factor PLETHORA 1(PLT1)gene but negatively mediates PLT2 at protein level in root meristems. Using a dexamethasone(DEX)-inducible transgenic line, Pro35S:PLT2-GR, we showed that PLT2 greatly promotes cell division and completely inhibits cell differentiation in root meristems of the arf2-101 mutant once PLT2 is induced by DEX, which can be partially reversed by ABA treatment, suggesting that ABA regulates root meristem activity in both ARF2-dependent and independent pathways. Our results uncover a complex regulatory architecture in which ARF2 coordinates with PLTs and PINs to orchestrate ABA-mediated regulation of root meristem activity in Arabidopsis.
Sujittra PromchueaYujuan ZhuZhizhong ChenJing ZhangZhizhong Gong
