Vascular remodeling is a pathological condition with structural changes of blood vessels.Both inside-out and outside-in hypothesis have been put forward to describe mechanisms of vascular remodeling.An integrated model of these two hypotheses emphasizes the importance of immune cells such as monocytes/macrophages,T cells,and dendritic cells.These immune cells are at the center stage to orchestrate cellular proliferation,migration,and interactions of themselves and other vascular cells including endothelial cells(ECs),vascular smooth muscle cells(VSMCs),and fibroblasts.These changes on vascular wall lead to inflammation and oxidative stress that are largely responsible for vascular remodeling.Mineralocorticoid receptor(MR)is a classic nuclear receptor.MR agonist promotes inflammation and oxidative stress and therefore exacerbates vascular remodeling.Conversely,MR antagonists have the opposite effects.MR has direct roles on vascular cells through non-genomic or genomic actions to modulate inflammation and oxidative stress.Recent studies using genetic mouse models have revealed that MR in myeloid cells,VSMCs and ECs all contribute to vascular remodeling.In conclusion,data in the past years have demonstrated that MR is a critical control point in modulating vascular remodeling.Studies will continue to provide evidence with more detailed mechanisms to support this notion.
