Food safety issues constitute an international topic discussed by many scholars. Although there is an extensive body of literature on comparisons of food safety control practices across different governance structures,these studies have been conducted mainly in terms of qualitative and descriptive analysis. In addition,little attention has been given to family farms. This study addresses the food safety control practices adopted by firms with different governance structures in China. Food safety control is expressed by the following aspects,i.e.,pollution-free,green,organic,and/or geographical indication products certification,establishment of production records,and pesticide residue testing. Three types of governance structures that engage in agricultural production are distinguished:farmer cooperatives,agricultural companies,and family farms. The food safety control practices of various governance structures are investigated based on a database that comprises 600 vegetable and fruit enterprises in Zhejiang,China. The results show that(1) pesticide residue testing is adopted by the most firms,followed by products certification,and production records are adopted by the fewest firms,and(2) agricultural companies adopt more food safety control practices than family farms,while farmer cooperatives adopt the fewest food safety control practices. Governance structure features of a cooperative in terms of ownership,decision-making,and income distribution are the main reasons for the low level of food safety control in the cooperative.
Climate extremes, characterized by droughts and floods, have become one of the major constraints to sustainable improvement of rice productivity. Variety choice, considered as one of the main adaptation measures, could help farmers reduce yield loss resulting from these extremes. Based on a three-year panel survey of 1 080 Chinese rice farms in major rice producing provinces, we assume Hicksian neutral technology and employ an IV regression to estimate the average treatment effect(ATE) on rice yield for adopting stress tolerant variety, and find that farmers who adopted the stress tolerant variety on average increased rice yield by 15.5% in comparison to the non-adopters.
