阐述了无铅钎料合金设计的原则,讨论了合金相图及其计算在无铅锡基钎料合金设计中的作用。利用相图计算技术筛选了可能代替Pb Sn共晶钎料合金的Sn Zn In三元(x(Zn)<0.11,x(In)=0.10～0.14)和Sn Zn In Ag四元(x(Sn)=0.800,x(In)=0.090,x(Zn)=0.075,x(Ag)<0.049)无铅锡基钎料合金。初步讨论了用相图计算技术在富Sn四元Sn Zn In Ag无铅钎料合金基础上,添加Bi,Sb等低熔点金属和微量Ce,La等稀土元素以降低贵金属In和Ag的含量,进一步提高无铅锡基多元合金钎料的综合性能和性能价格比。
At present CALPHAD (CALculation of PHAse Diagram) technique is notcapable of predicting whether there exists intermediate compound,much less predicting the formulae, the number, and the meltingcongruence of intermedi- ate compounds. To solve this problem, a newapproach called the phase diagram evaluation by pattern recognition(PDEPR) was improved. The micro-parameters. Such as the radius andthe electronegativity of the different features in multi-dimensionalspace.
In this article, following a brief introduction concerning experimental measurements of surface and interfacial tensions, methods for calculating surface tension and surface segregation for binary, ternary, and multicomponent high-temperature melts based on Bulter＇s original treatment [ 1] and on available physical properties and thermodynamic data, especially excess Gibbs free energies of bulk phase and surface phase versus temperature obtained from thermodynamic databases using the calculation of phase diagram （CALPHAD） approach, with special attention to the model parameter β, have been described. In addition, the geometric models can be extended to predict surface tensions of multicom- ponent systems from those of sub-binary systems. For illustration, some calculated examples, including Pb-free soldering systems and phase-diagram evaluation of binary alloys in nanoparticle systems are given. On the basis of surface tensions of high-temperature melts, interracial tensions between liquid alloy and molten slag as well as molten slag and molten matter can be calculated using the Girifalco-Good equation [2]. Modifications are suggested in the Nishizawa＇s model [3] for estimation of interracial tension in liquid metal （A）/ceramics （MX） systems so that the calculations can be carried out based on the sublattice model and thermodynamic data, without deliberately differentiating the phase of MX at high temperature. Finally, the derivation of an approximate expression for predicting interfacial tension between the high-temperature multicomponent melts, employing Becker＇s model [4] in conjunction with Bulter＇s equation and inteffacial tension data of the simple systems is described, and some examples concerning pyrometallurgical systems are given for better understanding.
Based on the Butler equation and extrapolated thermodynamic data of undercooled alloys from those of liquid stable alloys, a method for surface tension calculation of undercooled alloys is proposed. The surface tensions of liquid stable and undercooled Ni-Cu (x(Ni)=0.42) and Ni-Fe (x(Ni)=0.3 and 0.7) alloys are calculated using STCBE (Surface Tension Calculation based on Butler Equation) program. The agreement between calculated values and experimental data is good enough, and the temperature dependence of the surface tension can be reasonable down to 150-200 K under the liquid temperature of the alloys.
Zhiyu Qiao, Lijun Yan, Zhanmin Cao, Guirong Liu (Department of Physical Chemistry, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China)
