It remains unclear whether language tasks in one's first(L1) or second(L2) language can cause stress responses and whether frontal, autonomic and behavioral responses to stressful tasks are correlated. In this study, we studied 22 Chinese subjects whose L2 was English and measured the cerebral blood oxygenation in their frontal lobe by using functional near-infrared spectroscopy(fNIRS) as participants engaged in a mental arithmetic task(MAT) and verbal fluency tasks(VFTs) in L1(Chinese) and L2(English). To examine the activated cortical areas, we estimated the channel location based on Montreal Neurological Institute(MNI) standard brain space by using a probabilistic estimation method. We evaluated heart rate(HR) changes to analyze autonomic nervous system(ANS) functioning. We found that the MAT and VFTs induced greater increases in HR than did the control(Ctrl) task. Furthermore, subjects developed greater increases in HR in the MAT and VFTL2 than they did in the VFTL1. Compared with the Ctrl task, the MAT and both VFTL1 and VFTL2 produced robust and widespread bilateral activation of the frontal cortex. Interestingly, partial correlation analysis indicated that the activity in the left inferior frontal gyrus(LIFG) [Brodmann's area(BA) 47] was consistently correlated with the increases in HR across the three tasks(MAT, VFTL2, and VFTL1), after controlling for the performance data. The present results suggested that a VFT in L2 may be more stressful than in L1. The LIFG may affect the activation of the sympathetic system induced by stressful tasks, including MATs and VFTs.
