The magnetic properties of highly grain-oriented electrical steel vary along different directions. In order to investigate these properties, standard Epstein samples were cut at different angles to the rolling direction. The hard magnetization direction was found at an angle of 60° to the rolling direction. To compare the measured and fitting curves, when the magnetic field intensity is higher than 7000 A/m, it is appropriate to simulate the relation of magnetic permeability and magnetization angle using the conventional elliptical model. When the magnetic field intensity is less than 3000 A/m, parabolic fitting models should be used; but when the magnetic field intensity is between 3000 and 7000 A/m, hybrid models with high accuracy, as proposed in this paper, should be applied. Piecewise relation models of magnetic permeability and magnetization angle are significant for improving the accuracy of electromagnetic engineering calculations of electrical steel, and these new models could be applied in further industrial applications.
Thermo-mechanical process and continuous cooling process were carried out on 20 CrNi2MoV steel. Three cooling rates were implemented to optimize the mechanical properties. The microstructure evolution, precipitation behavior, and strengthening mechanisms were systematically investigated, and the fracture mechanisms were analyzed via combination of impact fracture morphologies and deflection–load curves. The experimental results indicate that the transformed microstructure of experimental steel is all complex consisting of granular bainitic ferrite and bainitic ferrite with dispersed martensite/austenite(M/A) constituents in the matrix at cooling rates of 13, 21, and 29 °C/s. When the cooling rate increases, the grain of the steel is obviously refined. The sizes of the bainitic ferrite are 5.8, 4.7, and 3.1 lm under cooling rates of 13, 21, and 29 °C/s, respectively. The refinement of the bainitic ferrite plays a dominant role in strength increasing and also contributes to high crack propagation energy. However, the morphologies of M/A constituents obtained under different cooling rates contribute to different crack initiation energies and then affect the impact property.
Jian ZhangChang-Sheng LiBin-Zhou LiZhen-Xing LiXue-Dong Pang
Efect of ball scribing on relative permeability of conventional grain-oriented(CGO)and high permeability grain-oriented(HGO)electrical steel was investigated.The samples were scribed with spacing of 2 mm,4 mm,8 mm and 16 mm.The results show that after ball scribing with 16 mm width at 1.0 T,relative permeability of both℃GO and HGO steels was increased by 109%and 80%,respectively.Relative permeability rises as the scribing space increases,with the movement of the peak value of relative permeability to a higher flux density.Relational models describing relative permeability and flux density were constructed with high accuracy based on experimental data.The experimental data curves were analyzed during the magnetizing process.
Hao WANGChangsheng LITao ZHUNkwachukwu ChukwuchekwaBan CAIGang HUO
The 1,000 MPa ultra-high strength hot-rolled plate steel with low-carbon bainitic microstructure was developed in the laboratory for coal mine refuge chamber. The static recrystallization behavior, microstructure evolution, and mechanical properties of this hot-rolled plate steel were investigated by the hot compression, continuous cooling transformation, and tensile deformation test. The results show that the developed steel has excellent mechanical properties at both room and elevated temperature, and its microstructure mainly consists of lath bainite, granular bainite, and ferrite after thermal–mechanical control process(TMCP). The ultra-high strength plate steel is obtained by the TMCP process in hot rolling, strengthened by bainitic transformation, microstructure refinement, and precipitation of alloying elements such as Nb, Ti, Mo, and Cu. The experimental steel has relatively low welding crack sensitivity index and high atmospheric corrosion resistance index. Therefore, the developed steel has a good balance of strength and ductility both at room and elevated temperature, weldability and corrosion resistance, and it can suffice for the basic demands for materials in the manufacture of coal mine refuge chamber.
The thermal scratch seriously affects the surface quality of the cold rolled stainless steel strip. Some researchers have carried out qualitative and theoretical studies in this field. However, there is currently a lack of research on effective forecast and control of thermal scratch defects in practical production, especially in tandem cold rolling. In order to establish precise mathematical model of oil film thickness in deformation zone, the lubrication in cold rolling process of SUS410L stainless steel strip is studied, and major factors affecting oil film thickness are also analyzed. According to the principle of statistics, mathematical model of critical oil film thickness in deformation zone for thermal scratch is built, with fitting and regression analytical method, and then based on temperature comparison method, the criterion for deciding thermal scratch defects is put forward. Storing and calling data through SQL Server 2010, a software on thermal scratch defects control is developed through Microsoft Visual Studio 2008 by MFC technique for stainless steel in tandem cold rolling, and then it is put into practical production. Statistics indicate that the hit rate of thermal scratch is as high as 92.38%, and the occurrence rate of thermal scratch is decreased by 89.13%. Owing to the application of the software, the rolling speed is increased by approximately 9.3%. The software developed provides an effective solution to the problem of thermal scratch defects in tandem cold rolling, and helps to promote products surface quality of stainless steel strips in practical production.
Power loss of Fe-3%Sigrain-oriented silicon steelwas measured after ballscribing with different spacing using a self-designed tool.Three different sections of power loss,including hysteresis loss,abnormalloss,and eddy current loss,were measured and calculated,respectively.The loss variation and ratio were analyzed based on the experimentaldata.At 1.0 T,hysteresis loss of tested steelwith scribing spacing of 8 mm descends by 8.2% compared to samples without scribing,which is similar to the totalloss variation,and abnormalloss descends by 16.8%.At 1.0 T,hysteresis loss ratio of the steelwith scribing spacing of 16 mm ascends from 55.7% to 57.9%,and eddy current loss increases from 17.4% to 24.1%,while abnormalloss descends from 26.9% to 23.7%.The experimentalresults show that the reduction of power loss after scribing is mainly due to decreasing of hysteresis loss and abnormalloss.
王浩李长生ZHAN JianboYU ZhenhuaJI YafengWANG GuangleiPERIN Deniz
Effect of ball scribing on magnetic Barkhausen noise(MBN) of conventional grain-oriented(CGO) and highpermeability grain-oriented(HGO) electrical steel was investigated.The results showed that after ball scribing, root mean square of MBN(MBNrms) of CGO electrical steel increased 9.8%with 4 mm scribing spacing at 1.2 T,and that of HGO electrical steel apparently decreased 17.3%with 16 mm scribing spacing at 1.2 T. Through the formation and development of free magnetic poles and secondary magnetic domains due to compressive stress,primary magnetic domain space of grain-oriented electrical steel becomes smaller,which reflects as a variation of MBN in the macroscopic magnetic properties.Through correlation formula derivation of MBNrms and equilibrium distance between domain walls,effect of domain refinement on grain-oriented electrical steel was also interpreted,and optimum equilibrium distance between domain walls was determined.
