Pneumonia is a major cause of childhood morbidity in China.Many studies of rural areas have found an association between pneumonia and air pollution from burning of bio-mass.The present study is of children living in urban,modern homes without burning of bio-mass.In order to investigate potential home risk factors associated with children’s pneumonia,China Child Home Health(CCHH)questionnaires were randomly distributed to parents of 6461 children in 23 kindergartens in all 11 districts of Nanjing,covering urban,suburban,and industrial areas.The 4014 valid questionnaires(response rate 65.7%)were returned and have been analyzed.The lifetime incidence of pneumonia in Nanjing children 1–8 years old is 26.7%.The incidence of croup,asthma and frequent common colds was strongly associated with pneumonia,as was a history of allergies in the family,and persons other than parents(for example grandparents or nanny)taking care of the child.Several home environmental factors,namely,dampness,lack of ventilation,using coal or natural gas(electricity as reference)for cooking,new furniture,and"modern"floor and wall covering materials were also significantly associated with pneumonia.The indoor environment typical of modern apartments in China was a risk factor for pneumonia among children.
ZHENG XiaoHongQIAN HuaZHAO YiLiSHEN HongPingZHAO ZhuoHuiSUN YueXiaSUNDELL Jan
Generation of polydisperse KCl aerosol with a new salt aerosol generator was investigated, Special attention was paid on particles with diameters between 3 and 10 μm. The main improvement consists of the different routes of KCl solution droplets. In traditional generators, the solution droplets travel through one cylinder; while in the case analyzed here, after spray atomization, the droplets travel through two cylinders in series. The first cylinder was fed with warm air and the second one with cold air. In such way, the complete evaporation of the water from the droplets can be ensured. The influencing factors of the generated aerosol size distribution were investigated. The data measured show that the concentration of generated aerosol becomes higher both increasing the flow rate of the KCI solution injected in the first cylinder and increasing the concentration in the solution. The temperature of solution influences mainly the generation of smaller KCI particles （0,3-3 μm）. The amount of hot air used in the generation process increases the concentration of larger KC1 particles （〉3 μm） while cold air does not have the same effect. The aerosol generator is able to generate KC1 aerosol stably. This instrument can be used effectively for testing air filters for automotive.
