Shoulder lines are the most important landform demarcations for geographical analysis,soil erosion modeling and land use planning in the Loess Plateau area of China.This paper proposes an automatic,effective and accurate method of determining loess shoulder line from DEMs by integrating a hydrological D8 algorithm and a snake model.The watershed boundary line is adopted as the initial contour which evolves to identify the exact position of loess shoulder-line by the guidance of an external force of snake model from DEMs.Experiments show that the method overcomes the difficulties in both threshold selection for edge detection and the disconnecting issues in former extraction approaches.The accuracy evaluation of shoulder-line maps from the two test sites of the loess plateau area show obvious improvements in the extraction.The average contour matching distance of the new method is 12.0 m on 5 m resolution DEM,and shows improvement in the accuracy and continuity.The comparisons of accuracy evaluations of the two test sites show that the snake model method performs better in the loess plain area than in the area with high gully density.
针对卫星遥感技术监测地表温度(land surface temperature,LST)存在时空分辨率矛盾这一难题,以Ts HARP温度降尺度方法中的3种不同转换关系为基础,提出引入地表比辐射率ε和修正的土壤调节植被指数MSAVI的新转换关系,并用4种转换关系直接将原始1 km MODIS LST产品降尺度到250 m。为了验证4种降尺度转换关系的效果,以Landsat 8 TIRS反演的LST作为当日地表温度的参考值,从定性和定量两个角度评价了4种降尺度转换关系的精度。结果表明:4种转换关系在提高LST空间分辨率的同时又能较好地保持原始LST影像热特征的空间分布格局,消除了原始1 km影像中的"马赛克"效应;4种转换关系降尺度的250 m MODIS LST均值均接近于TIRS升尺度的LST均值,平均偏差的绝对值都小于1℃,降尺度结果非常接近真实地表温度,表明4种转换关系均能够达到较好的降尺度效果;原始转换关系1的降尺度结果虽然具有较高的空间变异性(SD较大),但与TIRS LST之间的RMSE是4种转换关系中最大的(2.375℃),而改进的转换关系4仅为1.252℃,并且转换关系4在描绘城市高温区和水体低温区方面具有明显的优势。
