Hydrophobic silica nanoparticles grafted with a high amount of organic molecules were successfully prepared by an in situ functionalization method in flame spray pyrolysis(FSP) process. Hydrophilic Si O2 nanoparticles were converted into hydrophobic ones by silylation between 3-methacryloxypropyltrimethoxyl silane(MPS) and silica's surface hydroxyl groups. The freshly formed silica nanoparticles in flame were continuously functionalized by a fine spray of 3-methacryloxypropyltrimethoxyl silane(MPS) solution at a preferred temperature. The functionalization extent, morphology structure and size of silica nanoparticles were characterized by transmission electron microscopy(TEM), Brunauer–Emmett–Teller(BET), thermogravimetric analysis(TGA), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy(FT-IR) and X-ray photoelectronic spectroscopy(XPS). The influence of concentration, pH value and pre-activation of organic silane solution on the surface grafting density was investigated in detail. The obtained silica nanoparticles had a higher MPS functional content of 15.0 wt%(an average density of 2.7 MPS molecule/nm2) than that of the silica modified by wet chemistry route, showing an excellent, stable hydrophobic property. The results have demonstrated that the in situ FSP functionalization process is a simple, effective and promising route for the scalable preparation of advanced, hydrophobic nanomaterials.
An investigation was performed on the suitability of carbon materials, metallic lead and its alloys as substrates for zinc negative electrode in acid Pb O2–Zn single flow batteries. The zinc deposition process was carried out in the medium of 1 mol·L-1H2SO4 at room temperature. No maximum current appears on the potentiostatic current transients for the zinc deposition on lead and its alloys. With increasing overpotential, the progressive nucleation turns to be a 3D-instantaneous nucleation process for the resin-graphite composite. Hydrogen evolution on the graphite composite is effectively suppressed with the doping of a polymer resin. The hydrogen evolution reaction on the lead is relatively weak, while on the lead alloys, it becomes serious to a certain degree. Although the exchange current density of zinc deposition and dissolution process on the graphite composite is relatively low,the zinc corrosion is weakened to a great extent. With the increase of deposition time, zinc deposits are more compact. The cyclings of zinc galvanostatic charge–discharge on the graphite composite provide more than90% of coulombic and 80% of energy efficiencies, and exhibit superior cycling stability during the first 10 cycles.
Junli PanYuehuaWenJie ChengJunqing PanShouli BaiYusheng Yang
A new type of transparent scratch resistant coatings including in-situ modified SiO_2(g-SiO_2) in flame spray pyrolysis(FSP) process was prepared. The maximum content of g-SiO_2 in the coating was 15 wt%, which is higher than that of SiO_2 modified by traditional wet chemical route(l-SiO_2, only 10 wt%). The results of transmission electron microscopy have demonstrated that in-situ surface modified g-SiO_2 particles dispersed well with smaller agglomerates in the final coating, which was much better than the particles modified via wet chemical route. Visible light transmittance and haze tests were introduced to characterize the optical quality of the films. All coatings were highly transparent with the visible light transmittance of above 80%, especially for coatings containing g-SiO_2, which exhibited slightly higher visible light transmittance than l-SiO_2 embedded one. The haze value of coatings incorporated with 15wt% g-SiO_2 was 1.85%, even lower than the coating with 5 wt% l-SiO_2(haze value of 2.09%), indicating much better clarity of g-SiO_2. The excellent optical property of g-SiO_2 filled coatings was attributed to the good dispersion and distribution of particles. Nano-indention and nano-scratch tests were conducted to investigate the scratch resistance of coatings on nano-scale. The surface hardness of the coatings rose by 18% and 14%, and the average friction coefficient decreased by 15% and 11%, respectively, compared to the neat coat due to the addition of 10 wt% g-SiO_2 and l-SiO_2. The pencil hardness of the coating with 15 wt% g-SiO_2 increased from 2B for the neat coating to 2H. However, the pencil hardness of coating with 10 wt% l-SiO_2 was only H. The results showed that the g-SiO_2 embedded coatings exhibited higher scratch resistance and better optical properties.
