以杂交粳稻常优5号为材料,设置未施氮肥处理(0N)、当地高产栽培(对照)、超高产栽培和氮肥高效利用栽培等4种栽培模式,观察其对水稻不同生育期根系形态生理和地上部生长的影响。结果表明,不同栽培模式下水稻产量差异极显著。超高产栽培与氮肥高效利用栽培两年的平均产量分别为12.29 t hm–2和9.62 t hm–2,平均分别较对照增产41.4%和10.7%。上述两种栽培模式的氮肥农学利用率(每kg施氮量增加的产量)分别较对照增加80.7%和76.8%,灌溉水利用效率分别较对照提高62.1%和32.3%。与对照相比,超高产栽培与氮肥高效利用栽培均增加了水稻地上部干物重、叶面积指数、根干重、根长,提高了粒叶比,改善了库源关系,并提高了根冠比与根系伤流量。同时也提高了灌浆期剑叶净光合速率、根系氧化力、根系总吸收表面积与根系活跃吸收表面积,生育中后期根系、叶片以及根系伤流液中的玉米素(Z)与玉米素核苷(ZR)含量、灌浆期籽粒中蔗糖合酶(SuSase)以及腺苷二磷酸葡萄糖焦磷酸化酶(AGPase)活性。这说明,通过栽培技术的集成与优化可以提高水稻灌浆期根系和地上部的生理活性,促进水稻高产与水分养分高效利用。
This study investigated if super rice could better cope with soil water deficit and if it could have better yield performance and water use efficiency （WUE） under alternate wetting and drying （AWD） irrigation than check rice. Two super rice cultivars and two elite check rice cultivars were grown in pots with three soil moisture levels, well watered （WW）, moderate water deficit （MWD） and severe water deficit （SWD）. Two cultivars, each for super rice and check rice, were grown in field with three irrigation regimes, alternate wetting and moderate drying （AWMD）, alternate wetting and severe drying （AWSD） and conventional irrigation （CI）. Compared with that under WW, grain yield was significantly decreased under MWD and SWD treatments, with less reduction for super rice than for check rice. Super rice had higher percentage of productive tillers, deeper root distribution, higher root oxidation activity, and greater aboveground biomass production at mid and late growth stages than check rice, especially under WMD and WSD. Compared with CI,AWMD increased, whereasAWSD decreased grain yield, with more increase or less decrease for super rice than for check rice. Both MWD and SWD treatments and eitherAWMD orAWSD regime significantly increased WUE compared with WW treatment or CI regime, with more increase for super rice than for check rice. The results suggest that super rice has a stronger ability to cope with soil water deficit and holds greater promising to increase both grain yield and WUE by adoption of moderate AWD irrigation.
A field experiment was conducted at the farm of Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China, to study the effects of organic fertilizers made from maize straw on rice grain yield and the emission of greenhouse gases. Four organic fertilizer treatments were as follows： maize straw （MS）, compost made from maize straw （MC）, methane-generating maize residue （MR）, and black carbon made from maize straw （BC）. These organic fertilizers were applied separately to paddy fields before rice transplanting. No organic fertilizer was applied to the control （CK）. The effects of each organic fertilizer on rice grain yield and emission of greenhouse gases were investigated under two conditions, namely, no nitrogen （N） application （ON） and site-specific N management （SSNM）. Rice grain yields were significantly higher in the MS, MC and MR treatments than those in CK under either ON or SSNM. The MS treatment resulted in the highest grain yield and agronomic N use efficiency. However, no significant difference was observed for these parameters between the BC treatment and CK. The changes in the emissions of methane （CH4） carbon dioxide （CO2）, or nitrous oxide （N20） from the fields were similar among all organic fertilizer treatments during the entire rice growing season. The application of each organic fertilizer significantly increased the emission of each greenhouse gas （except N20 emission in the BC treatment） and global warming potential （GWP）. Emissions of all the greenhouse gases and GWP increased under the same organic fertilizer treatment in the presence of N fertilizer, whereas GWP per unit grain yield decreased. The results indicate that the application of organic fertilizer （MS, MC or MR） could increase grain yield, but also could enhance the emissions of greenhouse gases from paddy fields. High grain yield and environmental efficiency could be achieved by applying SSNM with MR.
MA Yi-huGU Dao-jianLIU Li-junWANG Zhi-qinZHANG HaoYANG Jian-chang
