By thermal neutron irradiation particle tracking autoradiography(PTA)technique,the development of boron segregation at grain boundaries in ultra-low carbon micro-alloy steels was investigated during cooling from 1150°C to 850°C,and the effect of Cu on boron segregation at grain boundaries was discussed.By positron annihilation lifetime(PAL)technique,the changes of vacancy-type defects with temperatures and the effect of Cu on vacancy-type defects in the cooling process were discussed.Results show that,the concentration of boron at grain boundaries increases rapidly at the beginning of the cooling;after that,it begins to decrease;and then,it increases gradually again.The addition of Cu not only increases the concentration of boron at grain boundaries but also speeds up the development process of boron segregation at grain boundaries.During the continuous cooling process,the addition of Cu significantly affects the change of vacancy-type defects with temperatures in ultra-low carbon micro-alloy steels.
YANG RuiJieWU PingLI XiangLongZHANG ShiPingCHEN SenWANG BaoYiJU Xin
The diffusion mechanism of boron in bcc-Fe has been studied by first-principles calculations. The diffusion coefficients of the interstitial mechanism, the B–monovacancy complex mechanism, and the B–divacancy complex mechanism have been calculated. The calculated diffusion coefficient of the interstitial mechanism is D_0= 1.05 ×10^(-7)exp(-0.75 e V/k T) m^2· s^(-1), while the diffusion coefficients of the B–monovacancy and the B–divacancy complex mechanisms are D_1= 1.22 × 10^(-6)f1exp(-2.27 e V/k T) m^2· s^(-1)and D_2≈ 8.36 × 10^(-6)exp(-4.81 e V/k T) m^2· s^(-1), respectively. The results indicate that the dominant diffusion mechanism in bcc-Fe is the interstitial mechanism through an octahedral interstitial site instead of the complex mechanism. The calculated diffusion coefficient is in accordance with the reported experiment results measured in Fe–3%Si–B alloy(bcc structure). Since the non-equilibrium segregation of boron is based on the diffusion of the complexes as suggested by the theory, our calculation reasonably explains why the non-equilibrium segregation of boron is not observed in bcc-Fe in experiments.
Rotor time constant is an important parameter for the indirect field orientated control of induction motor.Incorrect rotor time constant value will cause the flux observer generating a wrong angular orientation of the rotor field.A new approach serves for rotor time constant on-line adaptation by setting the stator current to be zero for a short period.A smooth corrector is designed to prevent abnormal detection result from making adaptation.Impact of zero current duration on detection error and rotor speed is analyzed by experiments.
The research of magnetic separation starts from magnetic solid particles to nanoparticles, and in the research progress,particles become smaller gradually with the development of application of magnetic separation technology. Nevertheless,little experimental study of magnetic separation of molecules and ions under continuous flowing conditions has been reported. In this work, we designed a magnetic device and a "layered" flow channel to study the magnetic separation at the ionic level in continuous flowing solution. A segregation model was built to discuss the segregation behavior as well as the factors that may affect the separation. The magnetic force was proved to be the driving force which plays an indispensable role leading to the segregation and separation. The flow velocity has an effect on the segregation behavior of magnetic ions,which determines the separation result. On the other hand, the optimum flow velocity which makes maximum separation is related to the initial concentration of solution.
