Clinical and experimental studies have highlighted the significance of inflammation in coordinating wound repair and regeneration.However,it remains challenging to control the inflammatory response and tolerance at systemic levels without causing toxicity to injured tissues.Mesenchymal stem cells(MSCs) possess potent immunomodulatory properties and facilitate tissue repair by releasing exosomes,which generate a suitable microenvironment for inflammatory resolution.Exosomes contain several effective bioactive molecules and act as a cell-cell communication vehicle to influence cellular activities in recipient cells.During this process,the horizontal transfer of exosomal microRNAs(miRNAs) to acceptor cells,where they regulate target gene expression,is of particular interest for understanding the basic biology of inflammation ablation,tissue homeostasis,and development of therapeutic approaches.In this review,we describe a signature of three specific miRNAs(miR-21,miR-146 a,and miR-181) present in human umbilical cord MSC-derived exosomes(MSC-EXO) identified microarray chip analysis and focus on the inflammatory regulatory functions of these immune-related miRNAs.We also discuss the potential mechanisms contributing to the resolution of wound inflammation and tissue healing.
Regenerative medicine has rapidly developed over the past decade and created new opportunities to repair or replace tissue or organ function lost because of congenital defects, age, diseases, or serious damage （Cheng et al., 2016a; Cheng et al., 2016b）. Regenerative medicine strategies in- clude the transplantation of bioactive factors, stem cells, or biomaterials, even the induced regeneration in a de novo, depending on the application （Fu, 2014a; Huang and Fu, 2014）. However, there are several limitations to the use of regenerative medicine in the clinic with respect to using stem cells and biomaterials.
Aberrant expression of microRNAs(miRNAs)was reported frequently in different human cancers.The major role of miRNA is targeting 30-UTR of coding gene and causing translational repression or mRNA degradation.miR-10b overexpression was reported to promote breast cancer metastasis by up-regulating RHOC expression.But its expression in hepatocellular carcinoma(HCC)remains unclear.Our study indicated that the expression of miR-10b was different in HCC and adjacent tissue samples,and reduced expression of miR-10b in HCC was related tovein invasion.High-level expression of RHOC was also related to vein invasion in HCC.But no correlation was found between miR-10b and RHOC expression.These results suggest that miR-10b and RHOC are independent predictors of HCC invasion and metastasis.
The use of translational medicine in Chinese hospitals ap- pears to have become easier over the last decade. Products developed in the laboratory can sometimes be applied in the clinic under life-saving circumstances. Arteannuin is one of the most successful examples of translation during the past decade in China, having been used to treat more than one million patients with malaria. However, several approaches developed in the laboratory, with proven benefits to patients,
Recent studies have revealed liver dysfunction as an early event in sepsis. Sepsis-associated liver dysfunction is mainly resulted from systemic or microcirculatory disturbances, spillovers of bacteria and endotoxin (lipopolysaccharide, LPS), and subsequent activa-tion of inflammatory cytokines as well as mediators. Three main cell types of the liver which contribute to the hepatic response in sepsis are Kupffer cells (KCs), hepatocytes and liver sinusoidal endothelial cells (LSECs). In addition, activated neutrophils, which are also recruited to the liver and produce potentially destructive enzymes and oxygen-free radicals, may further enhance acute liver injury. The clinical manifestations of sepsis-associated liver dysfunction can roughly be divided into two categories: Hypoxic hepatitis and jaundice. The latter is much more frequent in the context of sepsis. Hepatic failure is traditionally considered as a late manifestation of sepsis-induced multiple organ dysfunction syndrome. To date, no specific therapeutics for sepsis-associated liver dysfunction are available. Treatment measure is mainly focused on eradication of the underlying infection and management for se-vere sepsis. A better understanding of the pathophysiology of liver response in sepsis may lead to further increase in survival rates.
严重烧、创伤及外科大手术应激打击极易诱发脓毒症等感染并发症，进一步发展可导致脓毒性休克、多器官功能障碍综合征（Multiple organ dysfunction syndrome，MODS），是临床烧、创伤和危重患者最主要死亡原因之一。创伤脓毒症发病机制非常复杂、临床救治十分困难，内容涉及感染、炎症、免疫、凝血及组织损害等一系列基本问题，并与机体多系统、多器官病理生理改变密切相关。因此，深入探讨创伤脓毒症的发生规律与病理生理机制，寻求新的有效防治途径，对于创伤脓毒症的早期识别、诊断和干预，降低患者的病死率及提高生活质量具有重要意义。
