The purpose of the present study was to determine the best cholinergic neuronal differentiation method of rhesus monkey bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells(BMSCs).Four methods were used to induce differentiation,and the groups were assigned accordingly:basal inducing group(culture media,bFGF,and forskolin);SHH inducing group(SHH,inducing group);RA inducing group(RA,basal inducing group);and SHH+RA inducing group(SHH,RA,and basal inducing group).All groups displayed neuronal morphology and increased expression of nestin and neuron-specific enolase.The basal inducing group did not express synapsin,and cells from the SHH inducing group did not exhibit neuronal resting membrane potential.In contrast,results demonstrated that BMSCs from the RA and SHH+RA inducing groups exhibited neuronal resting membrane potential,and cells from the SHH+RA inducing group expressed higher levels of synapsin and acetylcholine.In conclusion,the induction of cholinergic differentiation through SHH+RA was determined to be superior to the other methods.
QI Ying1,ZHANG FengYan2,SONG Ge1,SUN XueRong1,JIANG RuZhang1,CHEN MengFei1 & GE Jian1 1State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology,Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center,Sun Yat-sen University,Guangzhou 510060,China
This study aimed to investigate the effects of sustained near vision stimulation,on the refractive development and elongation of the vitreous chamber in adolescent rhesus monkeys.A total of 12 adolescent rhesus monkeys(1.5-2.0 years old) were randomly assigned to 3 groups.In groups A(n=4) and B(n=4),monkeys were reared in close-vision cages for 8 and 4 h d-1,respectively;tiny granules were added on the cage floor to avoid visual deprivation and to encourage near gaze.In group C(n=4),monkeys were reared in open-vision cages,with non-granule food as a control.Vitreous chamber depth,refractive status,and corneal refractive power were assessed over 18 months.Paired t-test was used to compare the differences and a P-value<0.05 was considered to be statistically significant.In group A,vitreous chamber depth and optical axis elongated significantly,and refractive error shifted towards myopia during the observation period.In group B,vitreous chambers and optical axis elongated but the refractive power did not show significant changes.In group C,there was no significant elongation in vitreous chambers and optical axis,and the refractive power changed slightly towards hypermetropia.There were no significant changes in corneal refractive power in each group.Sustained near vision can promote vitreous chamber growth and induce myopic shifts in refractive power in adolescent monkeys.Our results demonstrate the potential for a primate model of near-work-related myopia.
