The neutron-rich even-even nuclei^26–40Mg,^28–46Si,^30–48S, and ^32–56Ar are calculated with the RMF model and the phase-shift electron scattering method. Results show that level inversion of the 2s1/2 and 1d3/2 proton states may occur for the magnesium, silicon, sulphur, and argon isotopes with more neutrons away from the stability line. Calculations show that the variation of the central charge densities for30–48S, and32–56Ar are very sensitive to the 2s1/2 and 1d3/2 proton state level inversion, and the level inversion can lead to a large measurable central charge depletion to the charge density distributions for the neutron-rich isotopes. Calculations also show that the charge density diferences between the isotopes with and without central charge depletion can reveal not only the level inversion of the 2s1/2 and 1d3/2 proton states but also the behavior of the proton wave functions of both states. The results can provide references for the possible study of the nuclear level inversion and nuclear bubble phenomenon with electron scattering of short-lived nuclei at RIKEN or/and GSI in the future. In addition, direct nuclear reaction 44S（n, d）43P or44S（3H, α）43P might also be a possible way to study the 2s1/2 and 1d3/2 proton state level inversion.
In this paper, we investigate the Raman and photoluminescence spectra of Y_2O_3/Eu^（3＋） and Y_2O_3/Eu^（3＋）/Mg^（2＋） nanorods under high pressures using 514-nm and 532-nm laser light excitation. We observe transitions from the initial cubic phase to amorphous at pressures higher than 24 GPa for both Y_2O_3/Eu^（3＋） and Y_2O_3/Eu^（3＋）/Mg^（2＋） nanorods. In addition, Y_2O_3/Eu^（3＋） and Y_2O_3/Eu^（3＋）/Mg^（2＋） nanorods exhibit different distorted states after the pressure has been raised to 8 GPa. The analyses of intensity ratios, I_（0-2）/I_（0-1） from ~5D_（0–）~7F2_to^5D_（0–）~7F_1and I_（0-2）A/B of ~5D_（0–）7F_2 transitions indicate that Y_2O_3/Eu^（3＋）/Mg^（2＋） nanorods exhibit stronger local micro-surrounding characteristics for Eu^（3＋） ions in a pressuremodulated crystal field. The doped Mg2＋ion results in reducing the crystal ionicity in the distorted lattice state under high pressures. The use of doped ions as an ion modifier can be applied to the study of small local microstructural changes through Eu^（3＋） luminescence.
In this paper,the nuclear longitudinal form factors are systematically studied from the intrinsic charge multipoles.For axially deformed nuclei,two different types of density profiles are used to describe their charge distributions.For the same charge distributions expanded with different basis functions,the corresponding longitudinal form factors are derived and compared with each other.Results show the multipoles C_λ of longitudinal form factors are independent of the basis functions of charge distributions.Further numerical calculations of longitudinal form factors of^（12）C indicates that the C_0 multipole reflects the contributions of spherical components of all nonorthogonal basis functions.For deformed nuclei,their charge RMS radii can also be determined accurately by the C_0 measurement.The studies in this paper examine the model-independent properties of electron scattering,which are useful for interpreting electron scattering experiments on exotic deformed nuclei.
