Three decades ago,a highly nonlinear nonpertubative phenomenon,now well-known as the high harmonic generation(HHG),was discovered when intense laser irradiates gaseous atoms.As the HHG produces broadband coherent radiation,it becomes the most promising source to obtain attosecond pulses.The door to the attosecond science was opened ever since.In this review,we will revisit the incredible adventure to the attoworld.Firstly,the progress of attosecond pulse generation is outlined.Then,we introduce the efforts on imaging the structures or filming the ultrafast dynamics of nuclei and electrons with unprecedented attosecond temporal and Angstrom spatial resolutions,utilizing the obtained attosecond pulses as well as the high harmonic spectrum itself.
The neutron-rich nuclei near doubly magic132^(Sn)have attracted considerable interest in both nuclear physics and nuclear astrophysics.For the particle-hole nuclei in this region,the low-lying and high core excitations have been well described by shell model calculations using the extended pairing plus multipole-multipole force model.However,there is a significant difference between experiment and theory in the high-spin level 17+of^(132)Te.We intend to illustrate this difference through monopole interactions.For this purpose,the monopole corrections betweenπ(ν)0g_(7/2),ν1d_(5/2)andπ(ν)0h_(11/2)are investigated in^(132-134)Te,^(131-133)Sb,and^(130)Sn.Some theoretical levels are connected to the(17^(+))state of^(132)Te with the monopole correction(Mc)of Mc(νd_(5/2),νh_(11/2))and the quadruple-quadruple force between the proton and neutron,i.e.,levels 3^(-)(8^(-))in^(130)Sn,level 14^(-)in^(132)Te,and level 23/2^(-)in^(131)Sb.Their observations at lower energies can confirm the datum of level(17^(+))in^(132)Te with an illustration of monopole effects and quadruple-quadruple force.
1.Introduction Fixed bed adsorption is a widely used separation process in the chemical industry for the processing of liquids and gases.The performance of fixed bed adsorption systems is often evaluated by analyzing the breakthrough curves,which represent the variation of the solute concentration in the effluent stream as a function of time or bed volume.
